tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18343385759225576562024-03-08T15:30:42.560-08:00 CIVIL SERVICES PREPARATION AND FREE STUDY MATERIAL/ FREE BOOKSDedicated to all Civil services aspirants ( UPSC + State Civil services aspirant ) + Free Study Material + Free Books ( Best Books for UPSC/SPSC ) + good articles for exam prepAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17432200588292194375noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1834338575922557656.post-61678094555950758142016-09-18T07:22:00.001-07:002016-09-18T07:22:34.911-07:00Uttar Pradesh Full General Knowledge for UPPCS<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PgjEzz1oF4A" width="480"></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17432200588292194375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1834338575922557656.post-12098013319225918452014-12-08T09:18:00.002-08:002015-09-26T06:14:39.039-07:00WELCOME ALL <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
</h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
</h4>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h4>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2px;"><u><span style="color: red;">Target - UPSC 2016 Pendrive Course </span></u></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">Full GS Course with Optionals with lots of videos /books /pdfs /GS/GK Books + State GK Books + CSAT Books+ Coaching Study Notes from Top delhi coaching + all GS Books + Test Series + Regular Email updates on Current Affairs and other GS/GK/new books updates through email ..</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">Please write to us on <b><u>writingeditingjob@gmail.com</u></b></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;">OR VIsit for more detailed information </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;"><a href="http://studyforcivilservices.blogspot.in/p/pendrive-course.html">http://studyforcivilservices.blogspot.in/p/pendrive-course.html</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 18.2px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="font-size: large;">Watch Our </span><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkKbVbcrRtUR8nK8mV309qw/playlists">Youtube channel</a> </span> </span></b><span style="font-size: large;">for GS/GK FREE VIDEO CLASSES</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> ALL STUDY MATERIAL-BOOKS/NOTES/PDFs at ONE PLACE :- <a href="http://statecivilservicepreparation.blogspot.in/p/all.html">CLICK HERE</a> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Want<b><span style="color: red;"> FREE STUDY MATERIAL/FREE BOOKS</span></b> FOR UPSC/SPSC????????? <b><a href="http://statecivilservicepreparation.blogspot.in/p/free.html" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Some of the Best Books/Notes/Soft Copies and PDF files /Coaching Notes <a href="http://statecivilservicepreparation.blogspot.in/p/books-for-upsc-and-state-civil-services.html">CLICK HERE</a> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Want To Know <b><span style="color: red;">HOW TO PREPARE FOR GENERAL STUDIES</span></b> ??????????? <b> </b><a href="http://statecivilservicepreparation.blogspot.in/p/how-to-prepare-for-uttarakhand-civil.html" target="_blank"><b>CLICK HERE</b></a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Want to Know <span style="color: red;"><b>TOP 10 RULES TO CRACK STATE CIVIL SERVICES</b></span>????? <b><a href="http://statecivilservicepreparation.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html" target="_blank">CLICK HERE</a> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">BORED<b> </b>OF BOOKS ?? STUDY GEOGRAPHY THROUGH VIDEOS<b> </b><b><a href="http://statecivilservicepreparation.blogspot.in/p/geography-through-videos.html" target="_blank">CLICK HERE </a></b><span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Quick Notes For Revision </b></span> ( <b><a href="http://statecivilservicepreparation.blogspot.in/2014/12/modern-india-summary.html" target="_blank">HISTORY</a> </b>)</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
WANT TO STUDY ONLINE ????????????? <b><a href="http://onlinestudyforcivils.blogspot.in/">CLICK HERE</a> </b><br />
<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;">Check our New series on Various General /Current Concepts :-</span></h4>
<div>
<span style="color: blue; font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://kuchhbhifacts.blogspot.in/">KUCHH BHI FACTS</a></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="90" src="http://www.flipkart.com/affiliate/displayWidget?affrid=WRID-141964787088914126" style="display: none !important;" width="650"></iframe>
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">MORE STUFF TO COME , KEEP VISITING !!!!!</span></b></h3>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17432200588292194375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1834338575922557656.post-74735929029933338242014-12-06T15:08:00.001-08:002014-12-09T08:42:06.896-08:00HISTORY QUICK REVISION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<u><span style="color: blue;">MODERN INDIA HISTORY GIST </span></u></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><u>Social Movements </u></b></h2>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Brahmo Samaj: </b></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
• Founded by <span style="color: blue;">Raja Ram Mohan Roy in </span><b><span style="color: blue;">1828</span>.</b><br />
• Criticized Sati Pratha, casteism and advocated widow remarriage.<br />
• He was opposed to Sanskrit system of education; because he thought it would keep the country in darkness. He supported Western education.<br />
• Other important leaders were <b><span style="color: blue;">Devendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) and Keshap Chandra Sen.</span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Arya Samaj: </b></h3>
• Founded by <span style="color: blue;"><b>Swami Dayanand (or, Moolshankar) in 1875</b>. </span><br />
• He Said <b><span style="color: blue;">‘Go back to the vedas’ & ‘India for the Indians’</span></b>.<br />
• He disregarded Puranas, idol worship, casteism and untouchability. He advocated widow remarriage.<br />
• Dayanand’s views were published in his famous work, <span style="color: blue;"><b>Satyarth Prakash</b></span>.<br />
• He also wrote <b><span style="color: blue;">Veda Bhashya Bhumika</span> </b>and <span style="color: blue;"><b>Veda Bhashya</b></span>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Ramakrishna Mission:</b></h3>
<br />
• Founded by Swami Vivekanand ( OR Narendranath Dutta) (1863 – 1902) in <span style="color: blue;"><b>1897</b></span>, 11 years after the death of his mentor <span style="color: blue;"><b>Ram Krishna Paramhans</b></span>.<br />
• <span style="color: blue;"><b>Swami Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religion at Chicago in 1893</b></span>.<br />
• Irish woman <span style="color: blue;"><b>Margaret Nobel (Known as sister Nivedita)</b></span> popularized it.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Young Bengal Movement: </b></h3>
<br />
• Founded by <span style="color: blue;"><b>Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31)</b></span> , a teacher in Hindu College in Calcutta.<br />
• He urged the students to live and die for truth. He also supported women’s education and their rights.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Veda Samaj and Prathana Samaj:</span></h3>
<h4>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">• </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">Formed along the lines of the Brahmo Samaj, the </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">Veda Samaj of Madras</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;"> (</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">in 1864 by Sridhalu Naidu) and the </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;">Prathana Samaj of Bombay</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify;"> (in 1866 by M. G. Ranade and R. Bhandarkar</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">) were formed. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">• </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">An educated middle class had arisen there too and it sought the reform of society and religion. The Prathana Samaj emphasized more on social reforms.</span></h4>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Dharma Sabha:</b></h3>
<br />
• Initiated by <b><span style="color: blue;">Radhakant Deb in 1830</span></b>.<br />
• Was opposed to reforms and protected orthodoxy, but played an active role in promoting western education even to girls.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Lokahitawadi:</b></h3>
• Started by <b><span style="color: blue;">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</span></b>. Advocated western education and a rational outlook. He advocated female education for the upliftment of women.<br />
• As a votary of national self-reliance, he <span style="color: blue;"><b>attended Delhi durbar in 1876, wearing handspun khadi cloth</b></span>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Servants of India Society: </b></h3>
• <span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Asap, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Asap, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">Founded by</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Asap, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; outline-color: initial !important; outline-width: initial !important;"></span><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Asap, sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-style: inherit; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Asap, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;"> </span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Asap, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;"><b><span style="color: blue;">in 1905 to unite and train Indians of different ethnicities and religions in welfare work</span></b>. </span></span><br />
• <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Asap, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6000003814697px;">It was the first secular organization in india to devote itself to the underprivileged, rural and tribal people, emergency relief work, the increase of literacy, and other social causes.</span></span><br />
<div style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; font-family: Asap, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6000003814697px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 635px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: transparent;">• </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Members go through a five-year training period and agree to serve on extremely modest salaries. In 1915 Gokhale was succeeded as president by <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-style: inherit;">Srinivasa Sastri</span> (1869–1946). The organization has its headquarters in <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-style: inherit;">Pune</span> (Poona) and branches in <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-style: inherit;">Chennai</span> (Madras),<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-style: inherit;">Mumbai</span> (Bombay), <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-style: inherit;">Allahabad</span>, <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-style: inherit;">Nagpur</span>, and other locales</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Radha Soami Movement: </h3>
<br />
• Founded in <span style="color: blue;"><b>1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi Ram, popularly known as Shiv Dayal Saheb or Swami Maharaj.</b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
• <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Radha Soami Movement was a Catholic movement that believed in the union of the soul with God that originated in the 19th century.</span></span></div>
<br />
• The sect preached<b><span style="color: blue;"> belief in one supreme bein</span></b><span style="color: blue;"><b>g</b></span>, the Guru’s supreme position and a simple social life for the believers (the Satsangis).<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Theosophical Society:</h3>
<br />
• Founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture.<br />
• Madam H P Blavatsky & Col.M.S. Olcott of the US Army laid the foundation of the movement in Newyork in 1875.<br />
• Shifted to India at Adyar (Tamil Nadu) in 1982 .<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Annie Besant</span></b> was elected its <span style="color: blue;"><b>president in 1907</b></span>. She founded the Central Hindu College in 1898, which became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Governor Generals of India</h2>
<b>1. Lord William Bentinck (1828 – 1835): </b><br />
<br />
• Carried out the social reforms like Prohibition of Sati (1829) and elimination of thugs (1830).<br />
• Made English the Medium of higher education in the country (After the recommendations of Macaulay). • Suppressed female infanticide and child sacrifice.<br />
• Charter Act of 1833 was passed; made him the first Governor General of India. Before him, the designation was Governor General of Bengal.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
2. Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835 – 1836): </h3>
<br />
Abolished all restrictions on vernacular press (called Liberator of the Press).<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
3. Lord Auckland (1836 – 1842): </h3>
<br />
The most important event of his reign was the First Afghan War, which proved to be a disaster for the English.<br />
<br />
<b>4. Lord Ellenborough (1842 – 1844)</b><br />
<br />
<b>5 Lord Hardinge I (1844 – 1848)</b><br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
6 Lord Dalhousie (1848 – 1856):</h3>
<br />
• Also Known as " <b><span style="color: blue;">The Maker of Modern India</span></b> "<br />
• Opened the first Indian Railway in 1853 (from Bombay to Thane).<br />
• Laid out the telegraph lines in 1853 (First was from Calcutta to Agra).<br />
• Introduced the <span style="color: blue;"><b>Doctrine of Lapse and captured Satara (1848)</b></span>, Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).<br />
• Established the postal system on the modern lines through the length and breadth of the country, which made communication easier.<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Started the Public Works Department</span></b>. Many bridges were constructed and the work on Grand Trunk Road was started. The harbors of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were also developed.<br />
• Made Shimla the summer capital.<br />
• Started Engineering College at Roorkee.<br />
• Encouraged science, forestry, commerce, mineralogy and industry.<br />
• In 1854, “Wood’s Dispatch’ was passed, which provided for the properly articulated system of education from the primary school to the university.<br />
• Due to Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s efforts, <b><span style="color: blue;">widow remarriage was legalized by Widow Remarriage Act, 1856).</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Viceroys Of India</h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
1. Lord Canning (1856 – 1862): </h3>
• The last Governor General and the <b><span style="color: blue;">first Viceroy</span></b>.<br />
• <span style="color: blue;"><b>1857 -Revolution</b></span> took place in his time.<br />
• On Nov, 1858, the power transfered from company to British Crown<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse</span></b>.<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1857</span></b>.<br />
• Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
2. Lord Elgin (1862 – 1863)</h3>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
3. Lord Lawrence (1864 – 1869):</h3>
• Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe.<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865</span></b>.<br />
• Expanded canal works and railways.<br />
• Created the <b><span style="color: blue;">Indian Forest department</span></b>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
4. Lord Mayo (1869 – 1872): </h3>
• Started the process of financial decentralization in India.<br />
• Established the Rajkot college at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian princes.<br />
• For the first time in Indian history, a <b><span style="color: blue;">census was held in 1871</span></b>.<br />
• Organised the <b><span style="color: blue;">Statistical Survey of India</span></b>.<br />
• Was the<b><span style="color: blue;"> only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872</span></b>.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
5. Lord Northbrook (1872 – 1876):</h3>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
6. Lord Lytton (1876 – 1880): </h3>
• Known as the Viceroy to reverse characters.<br />
• Organised the <b><span style="color: blue;">Grand ‘Delhi Durbar’ in 1877</span></b> to decorate Queen Victoria with the title of ‘Kaiser – I – Hind’.<br />
• <span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">In 1878, he promulgated the </span><b><span style="color: blue;">Vernacular Press Act (1878)</span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">, which empowered him to confiscate the press and paper of a local language newspaper publishing 'seditious material'. The act resulted in <b><span style="color: blue;">public outcry in Calcutta</span></b> led by the </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Indian Association</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;"> and </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Surendranath Banerjee</span></span><br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Arms Act (1878)</span></b> made it mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms, however europeans could hold arms without license .<br />
• The Maximum <span style="color: blue;"><b>age to enter in civil services examination was reduced from 21 to 19</b></span> .<br />
• Muhammedan anglo indian college was formed in his tenure in 1875 by sir syed ahmad khan which later became <b><span style="color: blue;">AMU</span></b> .<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Great famine of 1876 , Second anglo afgan war</span></b> occured during his tenure<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
7. Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884): </h3>
• Liberal person, who sympathized with Indians.<br />
• Repeated the Vernacular Press Act (1882)<br />
• Passed the local self – government Act (1882)<br />
• Took steps to improve primary & secondary education (on William Hunter Commission’s recommendations).<br />
• The Ist Factory Act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting child labour.<br />
• Passed the <span style="color: blue;"><b>Iibert Bill (1883)</b></span> which enabled Indian district magistrates to try European criminals. But this was withdrawn later. and Popularly Known as <b><span style="color: blue;">Ilbert bill controversy.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
8. Lord Dufferin (1884 – 1888): </h3>
• Indian National Congress was formed during his tenure.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
9. Lord Lansdowne (1888 – 1894): </h3>
• <b><span style="color: blue;">IInd Factory Act (1891)</span></b> granted a weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for women and children, although it failed to address concerns such as work hours for men.<br />
• Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.<br />
• Indian Council Act of 1892 was passed.<br />
• Appointment of <b><span style="color: blue;">Durand Commission to define the line between British India and Afghanistan</span></b>.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
10. Lord Elgin II (1894 – 1899): </h3>
• Great famine of 1896 – 1897. <b><span style="color: blue;">Lyall Commission</span></b> was appointed.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
11. Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905): </h3>
• Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) in which official control over the Universities was increased.<br />
• Partitioned Bengal (<b><span style="color: blue;">October 16, 1905</span></b>) into two provinces<br />
1, Bengal (proper),<br />
2 .East Bengal & Assam.<br />
• Appointed a <b><span style="color: blue;">Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police administration </span></b>of every province.<br />
• The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897 – 98 led him to create the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP).<br />
• Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore India’s cultural heritage. Thus the Archaeological Survey of India ( <b><span style="color: blue;">ASI </span></b>) was established.<br />
• Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899) and put India on a gold standard.<br />
• Extended railways to a great extent.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
12. Lord Minto (1905 – 1910): </h3>
• There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the revolutionary activities. Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907) and <b><span style="color: blue;">Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma.</span></b><br />
• The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley – Minto Reforms was passed.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
13.Lord Hardinge (1910 – 1916): </h3>
• Held a <b><span style="color: blue;">delhi durbar in dec, 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V</span></b>.<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911), capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911)</span></b>.<br />
• A bomb was thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt (Dec 23, 1912).<br />
• Gandhiji came back to India from S.Africa (1915).<br />
• Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement (1916) .<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
14. Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921): </h3>
• August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people.<br />
• The government of India Act in 1919 (Montague – Chelmsford reforms) was passed.<br />
•<span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><b><span style="color: blue;">Rowlatt Act of 1919 (passed on 10 march ,1919 <span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">authorized the government to imprison any person suspected of </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">terrorism</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;"> living in the Raj for up to two years without a trial</span> , right to habeus corpus withdrew)=> Rowlatt satyagrah ( 6 april '1919 ) => Protests in Punjab => 2 Leaders of punjab arrested ( <span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew</span> ) => Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919)</span></b>.<br />
• Non – Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement ( 1920-22)<br />
• An Indian Sir S.P.Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bihar and Odisha in 1920, Ist indian to be appinted such a high post.<br />
• A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916.<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Saddler Commission</span></b> was appointed in 1917 to envisage <b><span style="color: blue;">new educational policy</span></b>.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
15. Lord Reading (1921 – 1926):</h3>
<br />
• Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press act of 1910.<br />
• Suppressed non-cooperation movement.<br />
•<b><span style="color: blue;"> Prince of Wales</span></b> visited India in Nov.1921.<br />
• <span style="color: blue;"><b>Moplah rebellion (1921)</b></span> took place in <b><span style="color: blue;">Kerala</span></b>.<br />
• Ahmedabad session of 1921.<br />
• Formation of <b><span style="color: blue;">Swaraj Party ( 1923 )</span></b> .<br />
• Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922.<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Communist party was founded in 1921 by M.N.Roy</span></b>.<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Kakory Train Robbery on Aug 9, 1925</span></b>.<br />
• Communal riots of 1923 – 25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc.<br />
• Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist and a leader of the Arya Samajists, was murdered in communal orgy.<br />
<br />
16. Lord Irwin (1926 – 1931):<br />
• Simon Commission visited India in 1928.<br />
• Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929.<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Dandi March (Mar 12-6 april 1930 ; Gandhi + 78 followers ; 240 mile ; 24 day ,from sabarmati to dandi to break salt law ).</span></b><br />
• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934).<br />
• First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930. <br />
• Gandhi – Irwin Pact (Mar 5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobediance Movement was withdrawn.<br />
• Martydorm of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger strike (1929).<br />
<br />
<br />
17. Lord Willington (1931 – 1936):<br />
<br />
• Second Round Table conference in London in 1931.<br />
• On his return Gandhiji was again arrested and Civil Disobedience Movement was resumed in Jan 1932.<br />
• Communal Awards (Aug 16, 1932) assigned separate electorate to Depressed class in addition to Muslim , Christian and anglo indian . Gandhiji went on a fast in protest against this division.=> Poona Pact signed between Gandhi and Ambedkar in Yerwada jail (pune) .<br />
• Third Round Table conference in 1932.<br />
• Government of India Act (1935) was passed.<br />
<br />
<br />
18. Lord Linlithgow (1936 – 1944):<br />
<br />
• Govt. of India Act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11 provinces. They remained in power for about 2 years till Oct 1939, when they gave up offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the II World War. The Muslim League observed the days as ‘Deliverance Say’ (22 December)<br />
• Churchill became the British PM in May, 1940. He declared that the Atlantic Charter (issued jointly by the UK and US, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have been forcibly deprived of them) does not apply to India.<br />
• Outbreak of World War II in 1939.<br />
• Cripps Mission in 1942.<br />
• Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
19. Lord Wavell (1944 – 1947):</h3>
<br />
• Arranged the <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span>with Indian National Congress and Muslim League which was failed as no agreement could be made between INC and Muslim League .<br />
• <b><span style="color: blue;">Cabinet Mission arrived (May 16, 1946) which formed Consituent Assmebly .</span></b><br />
• Elections to the constituent assembly were held and an Interim Govt. was appointed under Nehru.<br />
• First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on <b><span style="color: blue;">Dec. 9, 1946</span></b>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
20. Lord Mountbatten (Mar.1947 – Aug.1947): </h3>
<br />
• Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor General of free India.<br />
• <span style="color: blue;"><b>Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan or Mountbaten Plan</b></span><br />
• Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which India became independent on August 15, 1947.<br />
• Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by <b><span style="color: blue;">C.Rajagopalachari (the first and the last Indian Governor General of free India)</span></b>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<u>Constitutional Development</u></h2>
Regulating Act, 1773:<br />
• End of Dual govt.<br />
• Governor of Bengal to be the Governor – General of British territories of India.<br />
• Establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta.<br />
<br />
Pitts Act of 1784:<br />
This Act gave the British Government a measure of control over the company’s affairs. In fact, the company became a subordinate department of the State.<br />
<br />
Regulating Act of 1786:<br />
• Governor General given the power to over-ride the Council and was made the Commander-in-chief also.<br />
<br />
Charter Act of 1793:<br />
• Company given monopoly of trade for 20 more years.<br />
• It laid the foundation of govt. by written laws, interpreted by courts.<br />
<br />
Charter Act of 1813:<br />
• Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China.<br />
<br />
Charter Act of 1833:<br />
• End of Company’s monopoly even in tea and trade with China. Company was asked to close its business at the earliest.<br />
• Governor General of Bengal to be Governor General of India (1st Governor General of India was Lord William Bentinck).<br />
<br />
Charter Act of 1853:<br />
• The Act renewed the powers of the Company and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territories in trust of the British crown.<br />
• Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competition examination (excluding Indians).<br />
<br />
Government of India Act, 1858:<br />
• Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began.<br />
• A post of Secretary of State (a member of the British cabinet) for India created. He was to exercise the powers of the Crown.<br />
• Secretary of State governed India through the Governor General.<br />
• Governor General received the title of Viceroy. He represented Secretary of State and was assisted by an Executive Council, which consisted of high officials of the Govt.<br />
<br />
Indian Council Act, 1861:<br />
• The Executive Council was now to be called Central Legislative Council.<br />
<br />
Indian Council Act, 1892:<br />
• Indians found their way in the Provincial Legislative Councils.<br />
<br />
Indian Council Act, 1909 or Morley-Minto Act:<br />
It envisaged a <b><span style="color: blue;">separate electorate for Muslims.</span></b><br />
<br />
Government of India Act, 1919 Or Montague-Chelmsford Reforms:<br />
• Dyarchy system introduced in the provinces. The Provincial subjects of administration were to be divided into 2 categories: Transferred and Reserved. The Transferred subjects were to be administrated by the Governor with the aid of ministers responsible to the Legislative Council. The Governor and the Executive Council were to administer the reserved subjects without any responsibility to the legislature.<br />
• Indian legislature became bicameral for the first time, it actually happened after 1935 Act.<br />
<br />
Government of India Act, 1935:<br />
• Provided for the establishment of All-India Federation consisting of the British Provinces and the Princely States. The joining of Princely States was voluntary and as a result the federation did not come into existence.<br />
• Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre (Eg, Department of Foreign Affairs and Defence were reserved for the Governor General). Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy in provinces. They were granted separate legal identify.<br />
• Burma (now Myanmar) separated from India.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<u>National Activities </u></h2>
The Indian National Congress:<br />
• Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.<br />
• First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).<br />
• In the first two decades (1885 – 1905), quite moderate in its approach and confided in British justice and generosity.<br />
• But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).<br />
<br />
Partition of Bengal:<br />
• By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.<br />
• The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.<br />
• A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.<br />
<br />
Swadeshi Movement (1905):<br />
• Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.<br />
• INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by G.K.Gokhale.<br />
• Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.<br />
<br />
Formation of Muslim League (1906):<br />
• Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.<br />
• It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.<br />
<br />
Demand for Swaraj:<br />
• In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraj’ (Self-govt) as the goal of Indian people for the first time<br />
<br />
Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907):<br />
• The INC split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session ( under the presidentship of Rash bihari Ghosh ) in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K.Gokhale.<br />
<br />
Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909):<br />
• Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.<br />
• Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government’s side.<br />
<br />
Ghadar Party (1913):<br />
• Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.<br />
• HQ was at San Francisco.<br />
<br />
Home Rule Movement (1916):<br />
• Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).<br />
• Objective: Self – government for India in the British Empire.<br />
• Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it.<br />
<br />
Lucknow Pact (1916):<br />
• Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among Muslims.<br />
• Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the country).<br />
<br />
August Declaration (1917):<br />
• After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at “increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire”. This came to be called the August Declaration.<br />
<br />
Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919):<br />
• These gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.<br />
• Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.<br />
<br />
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):<br />
• People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.<br />
• General R’ Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.<br />
• As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.<br />
• Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive Council after this.<br />
• Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.<br />
• On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O’Dyer when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.<br />
<br />
Khilafat Movement (1920):<br />
• Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War.<br />
• Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.<br />
<br />
Non-cooperation Movement (1920):<br />
• It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.<br />
• Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept 1920.<br />
<br />
Chauri –Chaura Incident (1922):<br />
• A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922.<br />
• This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.<br />
<br />
Simon Commission (1927):<br />
• Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.<br />
• Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.<br />
• The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.<br />
<br />
Lahore Session (1929):<br />
• On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.<br />
• On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Revolutionary Activities:</h2>
<br />
• The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of the Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.<br />
<br />
• In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of Second international) in Germany .<br />
<br />
• In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case).<br />
<br />
• In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of “India Office” in London.<br />
<br />
• In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).<br />
<br />
• In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).<br />
<br />
• They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway line on Aug. 9, 1925 (<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">The robbery plan was executed by Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Rajendra Lahiri</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">, </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Chandrashekhar Azad</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">, </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Sachindra Bakshi</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">, </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Keshab Chakravarty</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">, </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Manmathnath Gupta</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">, </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Murari Sharma</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;"> (fake name of Murari Lal Gupta), Mukundi Lal (Mukundi Lal Gupta) and </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">Banwari Lal</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;"><br /></span>
• Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, Bhagat singh went to shoot Col. Scott who ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai, but killed mistakenly Saunders) on Dec.17, 1928.<br />
<br />
• Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at Lahore Jall (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.<br />
<br />
• In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions in jail.<br />
<br />
• Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.<br />
<br />
• In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<u>Other Important Activities :</u></h2>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Dandi March (1930): </h3>
• Also called the Salt Satyagraha.<br />
• Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small village Dandhi to break the salt law.<br />
• He reached the seashore on Apr.6, 1930.<br />
• He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.<br />
<br />
First Round Table conference (1930):<br />
• It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.<br />
• Boycotted by INC. Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were there.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931): </h3>
• Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji and the government.<br />
• The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March 5, 1931.<br />
• In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second round table conference.<br />
• The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Second Round Table Conference (1931):</h3>
<br />
• Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay Macdonald.<br />
• However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo – Indians.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The Communal Award (Aug 16,1932):</h3>
• Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.<br />
• Envisaged separate electorate of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women and even Backward classes.<br />
• Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Poona Pact (September 25, 1932):</h3>
• After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took place almost everywhere.<br />
• Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became active.<br />
• Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25, 1932).<br />
• In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Third Round Table Conference (1932):</h3>
• Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Demand For Pakistan:</h3>
• In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim State within the federation.<br />
• Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.<br />
• Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.<br />
• Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in 1940.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The Cripps Mission – 1942:</h3>
• In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II and advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.<br />
• The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.<br />
• He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.<br />
• Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises.<br />
• Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.<br />
<br />
<br />
The Revolt of 1942 (The Quit India Movement):<br />
• Called the Wardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.<br />
• The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Gowalia tank in Bommay. Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’.<br />
• On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested.<br />
• The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the country.<br />
• The movement was however crushed.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The Indian National Army: </h3>
<br />
• Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.<br />
• S.C.Bose secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him.<br />
• The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S.E.Asia.<br />
• Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).<br />
• INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive women force.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946): </h3>
• The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V.Alexander) will visit India.<br />
• The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.<br />
• On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely States was suggested. • Both Congress and Muslims League first accepted it , but then congress rejected it because of weak center and less powers to center and more powers to princely states and ML rejected it when they found congress could change the plan through their majority in constituent assembly and then ML rejected the plan on 29 july and declared Direct Action Day ( 16 august , 1946) to concede their demand for Dream Pakistan<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<br />Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946): </h3>
• Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress nominees was formed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L.Nehru was its Vice-President and the Governor-General remained as its President.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946):</h3>
• Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.<br />
• Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July 29, 1946. <br />
• It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned both the British Government and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.<br />
• Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946): </h3>
• The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Sachchidanad was elected as its interim president and then on 11 Dec , Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected its president.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947):</h3>
• On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution of India’s political problem.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
The outlines of the Plan were: </div>
• India to be divided into India and Pakistan.<br />
• Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of Assam would be held.<br />
• There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.<br />
• The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain independent.<br />
• Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.<br />
• The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Partition and Independence (Aug 1947): </h3>
• All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.<br />
• At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.<br />
• Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese ( liberated in 1961) and Pondicherry with the French ( liberated in 1956).<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<u>Newspaper Journals</u></h2>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Newspaper/Journal Founder/Editor </h4>
<br />
1. Bengal Gazette(1780) (India’s first newspaper) : J.A.Hikki<br />
2. Kesari B.G.Tilak<br />
3. Maharatta B.G.Tilak<br />
4. Sudharak G.K.Gokhale<br />
5. Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh<br />
6. Vande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh<br />
7. Native Opinion V.N.Mandalik<br />
8. Kavivachan Sudha Bhartendu Harishchandra<br />
9. Rast Goftar (First newspaper in Gujarati) Dadabhai Naoroji<br />
10. New India (Weekly) Bipin Chandra Pal<br />
11. Statesman Robert Knight<br />
12. Hindu Vir Raghavacharya and G.S.Aiyar<br />
13. Sandhya B.B.Upadhyaya<br />
14. Vichar Lahiri Krishnashastri Chiplunkar<br />
15. Hindu Patriot Girish Chandra Ghosh (later Harish Chandra Mukherji)<br />
16. Som Prakash Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar<br />
17. Yugantar Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar Ghosh<br />
18. Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta<br />
19. Hindustan M.M.Malviya<br />
20. Mooknayak B.R.Ambedkar<br />
21. Comrade Mohammed Ali<br />
22. Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan<br />
23. Al-Hilal Abdul Kalam Azad<br />
24. Al-Balagh Abdul Kalam Azad<br />
25. Independent Motilal Nehru<br />
26. Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai<br />
27. New India (Daily) Annie Besant<br />
28. Commonweal Annie Besant<br />
29. Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi<br />
30. Essays in Indian Economics M.G.Ranade<br />
31. Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali) Ram Mohan Roy<br />
32. Mirat-ul-Akhbar Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper)<br />
33. Indian Mirror Devendra Nath Tagore<br />
34. Nav Jeevan M.K.Gandhi<br />
35. Young India M.K.Gandhi<br />
36. Harijan M.K.Gandhi<br />
37. Prabudha Bharat Swami Vivekananda<br />
38. Udbodhana Swami Vivekananda<br />
39. Indian Socialist Shyamji Krishna Verma<br />
40. Talwar (in Berlin) Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya<br />
41. Free Hindustan (in Vancouver) Tarak Nath Das<br />
42. Hindustan Times K.M.Pannikar<br />
43. Kranti Mirajkar, Joglekar, Ghate</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17432200588292194375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1834338575922557656.post-52770861387179549212014-12-05T01:09:00.003-08:002014-12-25T13:47:42.760-08:00IMPORTANT LEADERS <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">
</h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-large;"><u><br /></u></span></h2>
<h4 style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: large;">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel- Iron Man of India</span></u></b> </h4>
<h2>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Birth: October 31, 1875 Death: December 15, 1950</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b>Early Life: </b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b> Vallabhbhai Patel was born on October 31, 1875 in Nadiad, a small village in Gujarat. His father Jhaverbhai was a farmer and mother Laad Bai was a simple lady.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Much of his education was attained in schools in Nadiad, Petlad and Borsad. He completed his matriculation at the age of 22. While others in his family thought him to be unambitious and unfocussed, Vallabhbhai had plans of becoming a barrister.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
To fulfill the same, he spent a number of years away from his family. He studied on borrowed books from lawyers, worked hard and saved funds and cracked the examination in two years.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
It was in the year 1911 that Vallabhbhai Patel finally lived his dream as he travelled all the way to England. He topped the 36-month course which he had enrolled in.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Though Patel was offered lucrative post by the British Government, he rejected them all to come back to India. Upon arriving in India, Patel started practicing as a barrister in Ahmadabad.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Soon he became a name to reckon with in the legal circles. His European-style clothes and urban mannerism had become the talk of the town. Working hard, Patel greatly expanded his practice and his wealth.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
In 1917, Patel stood for an election to become the sanitation commissioner of Ahmadabad which he won comfortably.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b>Contribution:</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b>1. Kheda Satyagraha:</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Sardar Patel was deeply impressed by Gandhiji’s success in Champaran Satyagraha. In 1918, there was a drought in the Kheda division of Gujarat. Peasants asked for relief from the high rate of taxes but the British government refused. Gandhiji took up peasants cause but could not devote his full time in Kheda.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
He was looking for someone who could lead the struggle in his absence. At this point Sardar Patel volunteered to come forward and lead the struggle. He gave up his lucrative legal practice and entered public life.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Vallabhbhai successfully led peasants revolt in Kheda and the revolt ended in 1919 when the British government agreed to suspend collection of revenue and roll back the rates. Kheda Satyagraha turned Vallabhbhai Patel into a national hero.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>2. Ahmedabad’s municipal president:</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was elected Ahmedabad’s municipal president in 1922, 1924 and 1927. During his terms, Ahmedabad was extended a major supply of electricity and underwent major education reforms. Drainage and sanitation systems were extended over the entire city.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b>3. Bardoli Satyagraha: </b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
In 1928, Bardoli Taluka in Gujarat suffered from floods and famine. In this hour of distress the British government raised the revenue taxes by thirty percent. Sardar Patel took up cudgels on behalf of the farmers and appealed to the Governor to reduce the taxes.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
The Governor refused and the government even announced the date of the collection of the taxes. Sardar Patel organized the farmers and told them not to pay even a single pie of tax.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
The government tried to repress the revolt but ultimately bowed before Vallabhbhai Patel. The victory brought Sardar Patel into limelight and highlighted his role as a typical ‘Sardar’ or ‘leader’. Due to this, more and more people started addressing him as Sardar Patel.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b>4. Role in Partition: </b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Patel was free-India’s <b>first Home Minister and Minister of Information and Broadcasting</b>. He was first Deputy Prime Minister of free India.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
He was also the first of the Congress leaders to support the partition of India, as a solution to curb the rising communal violence and Muslim separatist movement, led by Mohammad Jinnah.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
He managed to lobby for the partition successfully, by making Nehru, Gandhi and other Congress leaders accept the proposal. He represented India on the Partition Council, and oversaw the division of public assets. Though Patel argued to have agreed for the partition to cease communal violence, little did he anticipate the bloody violence and population transfer that would take place as a result of it.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b>5. Integration of princely states into Union of India: </b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
At the time of independence, India was divided into three parts. The first was the one directly under control of the British Government; the second was the territories rules by hereditary rulers and third was the territory colonized by France and Portugal.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Patel had realized that the dream for a unified and free India could only be achieved if the three territories were integrated as one. Blessed with practical acumen, great wisdom and political foresight, he took up the uphill task of unifying India.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
He began lobbying with the princes and monarchs of the separate states to accede to the government in full faith, who were given two choices by the British – either to join India or Pakistan or stay independently.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Patel’s untiring efforts and relentless appeals reaped fruitful result as he successfully persuaded around 562 states, except the three states of Jammu and Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad. He used the tactics of invoking patriotism in the Indian rulers and proposed favourable terms for the merger.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Due to the achievement of this massive task, Sardar Patel got the title of ‘Iron Man’.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
Junagadh had acceded to Pakistan. With more than 80% population as Hindu, Patel demanded Pakistan to annul accession and forced the Nawab of Junagadh to accede to India. Hyderabad too joined the Indian Union by force, after the Razakar forces failed to match up to the Indian army.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
As for Kashmir, it was during the Pakistani invasion of Kashmir in September 1947 that Kashmir’s monarch acceded to India. Patel then oversaw India’s military operations to secure Srinagar and the Baramulla Pass. In the days to follow, Indian forces retrieved much territory from the invaders.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b>Statue of Unity:</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
In order to honour the pivotal contribution of Sardar Patel in integrating India, after independence, by uniting 562 princely states, Government of India is planning to build a <b>182 metres (597 ft) tall statue</b> of Sardar Patel.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
It will be the world’s tallest statue and will be built directly facing the Narmada Dam, 3.2 km away on the river island called Sadhu Bet near Vadodara in Gujarat.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
The total cost of the whole project will be Rs 2,979 crore.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b>Run for Unity:</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
On the occasion of the 139th Birth anniversary of Sardar Patel, on 31st October 2014, “Run for Unity” was organized by the Government of India.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
The government also announced that every year <b>October 31 will be observed as “National Unity Day</b>” as a tribute to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s efforts to unite India.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<b>Quick facts on PATEL : </b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
He is popularly known by two names, the ‘<b>Iron Man of India’ and ‘Bismarck of India</b>’.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
For his leadership activities and the ability to lead thousands of people, he was given the forename ‘<b>Sardar</b>’.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
He was instrumental in the founding the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service and is therefore known as the ‘<b>Patron Saint</b>’ of India’s services.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
He successfully completed the uphill task of unifying the princely states of India to join the Indian union. He persuaded the princes of 562 states to accede to India.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: 16px; text-align: justify;">
For his services to the nation Sardar Patel was conferred with <b>Bharat Ratna in 1991</b>.</div>
</h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-large;"><u><a name='more'></a><br /></u></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-large;"><u>Dr. Rajendra Prasad<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></u></span></h2>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal;">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-stretch: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal;">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-stretch: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-stretch: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dr. Rajendra Prasad, son of Mahadev Sahai, was born in Zeradei, Bihar on December 3, 1884. he was youngest in family and strongly attached to his mother and elder brother Mahendra. In Zeradei's diverse population, people lived together in considerable harmony. Rajendra Prasad's earliest memories were of playing </span><span style="color: red;">"kabaddi" with his Hindu and Muslim friends</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> alike. In keeping with the old customs of his village and family, he was married when he was barely 12 years old to Rajvanshi Devi.</span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-stretch: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;"></span><br />
<div align="justify">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rajen was a brilliant student; standing first in the entrance examination to the University of Calcutta, he was awarded a Rs.30/month scholarship. He joined the famed Calcutta Presidency College in 1902. His scholarship, ironically, would pose the first test of his patriotism. </span><span style="color: red;">Gopal Krishna Gokhale had started the Servants of India Society in 1905 and asked Rajen to join.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> So strong was his sense of duty toward his family and education that he, after much deliberation, refused Gokhale. But the decision would not rest easy on him. he recalled, "I was miserable" and for the first time in his life his performance in academia declined, and he barely cleared his law examinations.</span></span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;"><img align="right" src="http://indiatogether.org/images/people/prasad.jpg" hspace="0" vspace="2" /><img align="right" src="http://indiatogether.org/images/pixels/ffffff.jpg" height="185" width="6" />Having made his choice, however, he set aside the intruding thoughts, and focused on his studies with renewed vigor. In 1915, He passed the Masters in Law examination with honors, winning a gold medal. Subsequently, he completed his Doctorate in Law as well.</span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="justify">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">While Gandhiji was in Chamaparan district of Bihar to address grievances of </span><span style="color: red;">Indigo Planters</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> , he called on Rajendra Prasad to come to Champaran with volunteers. Dr. Prasad rushed to Champaran. Initially he was not impressed with Gandhiji's appearance or conversation. In time, however, Dr. Prasad was deeply moved by the dedication, conviction and courage that Gandhiji displayed. Here was a man alien of the parts, who had made the cause of the people of Champaran his own. Dr.Prasad decided that he would do everything he could to help, with his skills as a lawyer and as an enthusiastic volunteer.</span></span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="justify">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">Gandhiji's influence greatly altered many of Dr. Prasad's views, most importantly on caste and untouchability. Gandhiji made Dr. Prasad realize that the nation, working for a common cause, "became of one caste, namely co-workers." Dr. Prasad reduced the number of servants he had to one, and sought ways to simplify his life. He no longer felt shame in sweeping the floor, or washing his own utensils, tasks he had all along assumed others would do for him.</span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">Whenever the people suffered, Dr. Prasad was present to help reduce the pain. In 1914 floods ravaged Bihar and Bengal. Dr. Prasad became a volunteer distributing food and cloth to the flood victims. In 1934, Bihar was shaken by an earthquake, which caused immense damage and loss of property. The quake, devastating by itself, was followed by floods and an outbreak of malaria which heightened misery. Dr. Prasad dove right in with relief work, collecting food, clothes and medicine. His experiences here led to similar efforts elsewhere too. In 1935, an earthquake hit Quetta. Dr. Prasad was not allowed to lend a hand because of Government restrictions. Nevertheless, he set up relief committees in Sind and Punjab for the homeless victims who flocked there.</span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="justify">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Dr. Prasad called for non-cooperation in Bihar as part of Gandhiji's non-cooperation movement. He </span><span style="color: red;">gave up his law practice and started a National College near Patna, 1921</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. The college was </span><span style="color: red;">later shifted to Sadaqat Ashram on the banks of the Ganga</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. The non-cooperation movement in Bihar spread like wildfire. Dr. Prasad toured the state, holding public meeting after another, collecting funds and galvanizing the nation for a complete boycott of all schools, colleges and Government offices. He urged the people to take to spinning and wear only khadi. Bihar and the entire nation was taken by storm, the people responded to the leaders' call. </span></span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="justify">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
</span>
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">The British India Government utilized the one and only option at its disposal-force. Mass arrests were made. Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das and Maulana Azad were arrested. Then it happened. Peaceful non- cooperation turned to violence in Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh. In light of the events at Chauri Chaura on 5 Feb 1922 ,gandhi called off NCM on 11 feb 1922 . The entire nation was hushed. A murmur of dissent began within the top brass of the Congress. Gandhiji was criticized for what was called the "Bardoli retreat."</span></div>
<span class="contents" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: xx-small; font-stretch: normal; text-align: start;">
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Dr. Prasad stood by his mentor, seeing the wisdom behind Gandhiji's actions. Gandhiji did not want to set a precedent of violence for free India. In March 1930, Gandhiji launched the Salt Satyagraha. He planned to march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi seashore to break the salt laws. A </span><span style="color: red;">salt satyagraha was launched in Bihar under Dr. Prasad</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. </span><span style="color: red;">Nakhas Pond in Patna was chosen as the site of the satyagraha.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Batch after batch of volunteers courted arrest while making salt. Many volunteers were injured. Dr. Prasad called for more volunteers. Public opinion forced the Government to withdraw the police and allow the volunteers to make salt. Dr. Prasad then sold the manufactured salt to raise funds. He was sentenced to six months imprisonment.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">His service on the various fronts of the movement for independence raised his profile considerably. Dr. Prasad presided over the Bombay session of the Indian National Congress in October 1934. </span><span style="color: red;">Following the resignation of Subhash Chandra Bose as the President of the Congress in April 1939, Dr. Prasad was elected President</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. He did his best to heal the rifts created between the incompatible ideologies of Subhash Chandra Bose and Gandhiji. Rabindranath Tagore wrote to Dr. Prasad, "I feel assured in my mind that your personality will help to soothe the injured souls and bring peace and unity into an atmosphere of mistrust and chaos".</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
As the freedom struggle progressed, the dark shadow of communalism which had always lurked in the background, steadily grew. To Dr. Prasad's dismay communal riots began spontaneously burst all over the nation and in Bihar. He rushed from one scene to another to control the riots. Independence was fast approaching and so was the prospect of partition. Dr. Prasad, who had such fond memories of playing with his Hindu and Muslim friends in Zeradei, now had the misfortune of witnessing the nation being ripped into two.</div>
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
In July 1946, when the Constituent Assembly was established to frame the Constitution of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected its President. Two and a half years after independence, on January 26, 1950, the Constitution of independent India was ratified and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the nation's first President. Dr. Prasad transformed the imperial splendor of Rashtrapati Bhavan into an elegant "Indian" home. Dr. Prasad visited many countries on missions of goodwill, as the new state sought to establish and nourish new relationships. He stressed the need for peace in a nuclear age.</div>
<div align="justify" style="font-weight: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: red;">In 1962</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, after 12 years as President, Dr. Prasad retired, and was subsequently awarded the </span><span style="color: red;">Bharat Ratna</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, the nation's highest civilian award.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Books Written by Rajendra Prasad :-</span></div>
<ul style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Satyagraha at Champaran (1922)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">India Divided (1946, online)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Atmakatha (1946), his autobiography written during his 3-year prison term in Bankipur Jail</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Mahatma Gandhi and Bihar, Some Reminisences" (1949)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Bapu ke Kadmon Mein (1954)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Since Independence (published in 1960)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">bharitya shiksha</li>
</ul>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
Dr. Prasad spent the last few months of his life in retirement at the Sadaqat Ashram in Patna.<span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">He died on 28 February 1963. </span><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">Rajendra Smriti Sangrahalaya</span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;"> in </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">Patna</span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;"> is dedicated to him</span></b></span></div>
</span><br />
<h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></h2>
<div>
<br /></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: x-large;">
Lala Lajpat Rai</span></u></h2>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<b style="color: #2c2c2c;">Born:</b><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> January 28, 1865</span><br />
<b style="color: #2c2c2c;">Death:</b><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> October 30, 1928 </span><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #2c2c2c;">Contributions</b><br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;"><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-width: initial;"><img align="RIGHT" alt="Lala Lajpat Rai" class="imgbord" src="http://www.culturalindia.net/gifs/lala-lajpatrai.jpg" height="160" style="border: double rgb(212, 212, 212); margin: 6px;" width="220" /></span>Lala Lajpat Rai immensely contributed in attaining independence the nation. He helped in establishing few schools in the country. He also initiated the foundation of </span><b><u><span style="color: red;">Punjab National Bank</span></u></b><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">. In 1897, he founded the </span><span style="color: red;"><b><u>Hindu Orphan Relief Movement</u></b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> to keep the Christian missions from securing custody of these children. He died after the police lathi-charged on the activists, protesting the arrival of Simon Commission. </span><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #2c2c2c;">Life</b><br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Lala Lajpat Rai was born on January 28, 1865 to Munshi Radha Krishna Azad and Gulab Devi at Dhudike village in Ferozpur District. His father was a great scholar of Persian and Urdu while his mother was a strict religious lady and inculcated in her children strong morals values. His family values allowed Lajpat Rai, the freedom of having different faiths and beliefs.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Lajpatrai received his elementary education in the school where his father was posted as teacher. Lajpat Rai joined the Government College at Lahore in 1880 to study Law. While in college he came in contact with patriots and future freedom fighters like Lala Hans Raj and Pandit Guru Dutt. He studied law from Government College in Lahore and thereafter started his legal practice in Hissar, Haryana. Since childhood he had a desire to serve his country and therefore took a pledge to free it from foreign rule. In 1884 his father was transferred to Rohtak and Lala Lajpat Rai came along.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">In 1886 the family shifted to Hissar, where he practiced law. There, Lajpat Rai helped to establish the nationalistic Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School and became a follower of Dayanand Saraswati. In 1888 and 1889 he was a delegate to the annual sessions of the National Congress. He moved to Lahore to practice before the High Court in 1892.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">In 1895 Rai helped found the Punjab National Bank, demonstrating his concern for self-help and enterprise. In 1897 he founded the Hindu Orphan Relief Movement to keep the Christian missions from securing custody of these children. In the National Congress in 1900 he stressed the importance of constructive, nation-building activity and programs for self-reliance.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Gradually, Lajpat Rai had curtailed his legal practice and was concentrating all his efforts to free the nation from British. In </span><span style="color: red;"><b><u>October 1917, he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York.</u></b></span><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: #2c2c2c;"><img align="right" alt="Lala Lajpat Rai" class="imgbord" src="http://www.culturalindia.net/gifs/lala-lajpat-rai.jpg" height="160" style="border: double rgb(212, 212, 212); margin: 6px;" width="220" /></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">In 1920, after his return from America, Lajpat Rai was invited to preside over the special session of the Congress in Calcutta, (now Kolkata). He </span><span style="color: red;"><u><b>plunged into the non-cooperation movement</b></u></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">, which was being launched in response to the Rowlatt Act, in principle. The movement was led by Lajpat Rai's in Punjab and he soon came to be known as </span><span style="color: red;"><u><b>"Punjab Kesri" (The Lion of Punjab)</b></u></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">.</span><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #2c2c2c;">Author</b><br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Besides, a great freedom fighter and leader, Lala Lajpat Rai was also a noted writer.</span></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;"></span><span style="color: red;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/1172070350/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=1172070350&linkCode=as2&tag=httpstatecivi-21&linkId=3T53CF5NZTCFVWJW" target="_blank">The United States of America: A Hindu's impressions and a study</a>, </b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/812150578X/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=812150578X&linkCode=as2&tag=httpstatecivi-21&linkId=5DTINXGNFUJE5KVZ" target="_blank">History of the Arya Samaj</a>, </b></span></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/8175362928/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=8175362928&linkCode=as2&tag=httpstatecivi-21&linkId=JJDMBT4BCIXFJWGF" target="_blank">Unhappy India</a> </b></span></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Swaraj and social change, </b></span></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/0217206417/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=0217206417&linkCode=as2&tag=httpstatecivi-21&linkId=4WOMHDPYLT3QEYTM" target="_blank">England's Debt to India</a>,</b></span></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/0217601200/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=0217601200&linkCode=as2&tag=httpstatecivi-21&linkId=QOBAFNKZTJ4HD34V" target="_blank">The Message of Bhagwad Geeta</a></b></span></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b> India, The Problems Of National Education In India </b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">were among the books, he had written.</span><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #2c2c2c;">Death</b><br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">On </span><span style="color: red;"><u><b>October 30, 1928 to boycott the arrival of the members of the Simon Commission in Lahore</b></u></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">, a peaceful procession, headed by Lajpat Rai was launched. Intercepting the march, </span><span style="color: red;"><u><b>Superintendent of Police, Scott ordered</b></u></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> his police force to 'lathi-charge' at the activists. The police targeted Lajpat Rai, in particular, and hit him on the chest. The confrontation left Lala Lajpat Rai with severe injuries and also led to his death. To take Revenge to the death of </span><span style="color: red;"><u><b>Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh and his associates plotted the assassination of Scott.</b></u></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> But, the revolutionaries, mistaking </span><span style="color: red;"><u><b>killed J.P. Saunders</b></u></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">, an Assistant Superintendent of Police.</span></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; color: #2c2c2c; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"># Want to Read Lala Lajpat Rai books </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">( <a href="http://www.hindustanbooks.com/books_by_authers/lala_lajpat_rai.html" target="_blank">Get Free Books written by LALA LAJPAT RAI here</a> )</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="text" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, verdana; line-height: 16px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<h2 style="font-family: arial; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: x-large;">
Bhagat Singh</span></u></h2>
<div class="text" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;">
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<b>Born:</b> September 27, 1907</div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<b>Death:</b> March 23, 1931</div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<b>Contributions</b></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<img align="right" alt="Bhagat Singh" class="imgbord" src="http://www.culturalindia.net/gifs/bhagat-singh.jpg" height="160" style="border: double rgb(212, 212, 212); margin: 6px;" width="220" />Bhagat Singh was among the prominent revolutionaries who shaped the base of a grand national movement. After his execution, on March 23, 1931, the supporters and followers of Bhagat Singh regarded him as a "Shaheed" OR "martyr".</div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<b>Life</b></div>
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Bhagat Singh was born on 27 September 1907 at Banga in Lyallpur district (now Pakistan) to Kishan Singh and Vidya Vati. From his early childhood, Bhagat Singh was imbued with the family's spirit of patriotism. At the time of his birth, his father Kishan Singh was in jail. His uncle, Sardar Ajit Singh, was a great freedom fighter and established the </span><span style="color: red;"><b>Indian Patriots' Association</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">. He was well-supported by </span><span style="color: red;"><b>his friend Syed Haidar Raza</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">, </span><span style="color: red;"><b>in organizing the peasants against the Chenab Canal Colony Bill</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">. Ajit Singh had 22 cases against him and was forced to flee to Iran. Bhagat Singh was considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of Indian Nationalist Movement. He became involved with numerous revolutionary organizations.</span><br />
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
Kishan Singh enrolled Bhagat Singh in Dayanand Anglo Vedic High School. At a very young age, Bhagat Singh started following Non-Cooperation Movement called by Mahatma Gandhi. Bhagat Singh had openly defied the British and had followed Gandhi's wishes by burning the government-sponsored books. Following the violent incidents of "Chauri Chaura", Gandhi called for the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation movement. Unhappy with the decision, Bhagat Singh, isolated himself from Gandhi's nonviolent action and joined the Young Revolutionary Movement.</div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">He was pursuing B.A. examination when his parents planned to have him married. He vehemently rejected the suggestion and said that, if his marriage was to take place in Slave-India, my bride shall be only death." Singh later joined the </span><span style="color: red;"><b>Hindustan Republican Association</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">, a radical group, later known as the </span><span style="color: red;"><b>Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">. He returned to his home in Lahore after assurances from his parents that he would not be compelled to get married. He established contact with the members of the Kirti Kisan Party and started contributing regularly to its magazine, the "</span><span style="color: red;"><b>Kirti</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">". In March 1926, </span><span style="color: red;"><b>the Naujawan Bharat Sabha</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> was formed with Bhagat Singh, as its secretary.</span><br />
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
On 30 October 1928, an all-parties procession, led by Lala Lajpat Rai, marched towards the Lahore railway station to protest against the arrival of the Simon Commission. Stopping the procession, police made a lathi charge at the activists. The confrontation left Lala Lajpat Rai with severe injuries and also led to his death. As an avenge to the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh and his associates plotted the assassination of Scott, the Superintendent of Police, believed to have ordered the lathi charge. The revolutionaries, mistakenly killed J.P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police,instead of killing Scott. Bhagat Singh quickly left Lahore to escape his arrest. To avoid recognition, he shaved his beard and cut his hair, a violation of the sacred tenets of Sikhism.</div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<img align="RIGHT" alt="Shaheed Bhagat Singh" class="imgbord" src="http://www.culturalindia.net/gifs/shaheed-bhagat-singh.jpg" height="160" style="border: double rgb(212, 212, 212); margin: 6px;" width="220" /></div>
<span style="color: red;"><b>In response to the formulation of Defence of India Act,</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association planned to </span><span style="color: red;"><b>explode a bomb inside the assembly premises,</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> where the ordinance was going to be passed. On </span><span style="color: red;"><b>April 8 1929 Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> onto the corridors of the assembly and shouted 'Inquilab Zindabad!' The bomb was not meant to kill or injure anyone and therefore it was thrown away from the crowded place. Following the blasts both Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt surrendered themselves .</span><br />
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<b>Trial and Death</b></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
The British authority, while interrogating them, came to know about their involvement in the murder of J. P. Saunders. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were charged with the murder. Singh admitted to the murder and made statements against the British rule during the trial.</div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
While in jail, Bhagat Singh found that the authorities were following a dual policy in treating the prisoners. The criminals of foreign origin were treated better than Indian political prisoners. As a protest, he along with some fellow prisoners declared to "go on hunger strike". The strike continued for over a month and finally the British had to accept before their conditions.</div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Bhagat Singh along with other revolutionaries found responsible for the Assembly bombing and murder of Saunders. On March 23, 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged in Lahore with his fellow comrades Rajguru and Sukhdev </span><span style="color: red;"><b>( Lahore Conspiracy :- 23 March 1931 , BRS -Bhagat , Rajguru , sukhdev hanged )</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> . Singh was cremated at Hussainiwala on banks of Sutlej river.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<h2 style="font-family: arial; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Sarojini Naidu</span></u></h2>
<div class="text" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;">
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;"><b>Born:</b> 13 February, 1879<br /><b>Death:</b> 2 March, 1949<br /><br /><b>Contributions</b><br /><img align="right" alt="Sarojini Naidu" class="imgbord" src="http://www.culturalindia.net/gifs/sarojininaidu.jpg" height="160" style="border: double rgb(212, 212, 212); margin: 6px;" width="220" />Sarojini Naidu was truly one of the gems of the 20th century India. She was also known as "</span><span style="color: red;"><b>The Nightingale of India</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">" because of Her contribution in poetry /literature . The play </span><span style="color: red;"><b>"Maher Muneer</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">", written by Naidu at an early age, fetched a scholarship to study abroad. She briefed the struggles of freedom for independence to the political stalwarts of European nations, she had visited. . In 1905, a collection of poems, she had composed, was published under the title of "</span><span style="color: red;"><b>Golden Threshold</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">". </span><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #2c2c2c;">Life</b><br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Sarojini Naidu was born on February 13, 1879 in Hyderabad. Her father, Dr. Aghornath Chattopadhyaya was a scientist, philosopher, and educator. He founded the Nizam College of Hyderabad. Her mother, Varada Sundari Devi was a Bengali poetess. Dr. Aghornath Chattopadhyaya was the first member of the Indian National Congress in Hyderabad. For his socio-political activities, Aghornath was dismissed from his position as Principal.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Since childhood, Sarojini was a very bright and intelligent child. Though Aghornath wanted his daughter to become a mathematician or scientist, young Sarojini was fond of poetry. </span><span style="color: red;"><b>At an early age, she wrote a "thirteen-hundred-lines" long poem "The Lady of the Lake"</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">. Impressed with her skills of expressing things with appropriate words, Aghornath Chattopadhyaya encouraged her works. Few months later, Sarojini, with assistance from her father, </span><span style="color: red;"><b>wrote the play "Maher Muneer" in the Persian language</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Sarojini's father Dr. Aghornath Chattopadhyaya distributed some copies of the play among his friends and relatives. He also sent a copy to the Nizam of Hyderabad. Impressed with the works of the little child, the Nizam granted her a scholarship to study overseas. At the age of 16, she got admission in the King's College of England. There, she had the opportunity to meet prominent English authors like Arthur Simon and Edmond Gausse. It was Gausse who asked Sarojini Naidu to write on the Indian themes like great mountains, rivers, temples, social milieu etc. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">After returning to India, at the </span><span style="color: red;"><b>age of 19, Sarojini Naidu married Muthyala Govindarajulu Naidu</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">. He was a noted doctor from South India. They were married by the Brahmo Marriage Act (1872), in Madras in 1898. The marriage took place at a time when inter-caste marriages were not allowed and tolerated in the Indian society. Her marriage was a very happy one. They had four children. </span><br />
<br />
<b style="color: #2c2c2c;">National Movement</b><br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">After the partition of Bengal in 1905 , she decided to join the Indian freedom struggle. She met regularly with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who later introduced her to the stalwarts of the Indian freedom movement. She met Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. With such an encouraging environment, Sarojini later moved on to become leader of the Indian National Congress Party. She traveled extensively to the United States of America and many European countries as the flag-bearer of the Indian Nationalist struggle. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;"><span style="border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border-width: initial;"><img align="RIGHT" alt="Sarojini Naidu" class="imgbord" src="http://www.culturalindia.net/gifs/sarojini-naidu.jpg" height="160" style="border: double rgb(212, 212, 212); margin: 6px;" width="220" /></span>During 1915, Sarojini Naidu traveled all over India and delivered speeches on welfare of youth, dignity of labor, women's emancipation and nationalism. In 1916, she took up the cause of the indigo workers of Champaran in the western district of Bihar. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">In March 1919, the British government passed the Rowlatt Act by which the possession of seditious documents was deemed illegal. Mahatma Gandhi organized the Non-Cooperation Movement to protest and Naidu was the first to join the movement. Besides, Sarojini Naidu also actively campaigned for the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, the Khilafat issue, the Sabarmati Pact, the Satyagraha Pledge and the Civil Disobedience Movement. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">In 1919, she went to England as a member of the all-India Home Rule Deputation. In January 1924, she was one of the two delegates of the Indian National Congress Party to attend the East African Indian Congress. In 1925, she was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress Party (</span><span style="color: red;"><b> Kanpur Session - 1925 , she became first indian women president of congress</b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> ) </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">Naidu served as the first governor of the </span>United Provinces of Agra and Oudh<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;"> from 1947 to 1949</span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">.</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">the first woman to become the governor of an Indian state</span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;"> .</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">She was awarded the </span>Kaisar-i-Hind Medal.<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">She played a leading role during the </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Civil disobedient movement </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">and was jailed along with Gandhi and other leaders. In 1942, she was arrested during the "</span><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">Quit India</span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;">" movement</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: start;"> by the British government for her work during the plague epidemic in India</span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">.</span></div>
<div class="text" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;">
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">She said in 1916 that </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Muhammad Jinnah is An Ambassador of Unity</b></span></span></div>
<div class="text" style="margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;">
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Her chairmanship of the Asian Relations Conference in 1947 was highly-appraised. Two years later, on 02 March 1949, Sarojini Naidu died at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.</span></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<b>Poet</b><br />
<span style="color: #2c2c2c;">Besides her role and sacrifices in the Indian Nationalist Movement, Sarojini Naidu is also commended for her contribution in the field of poetry. Her works were so beautiful that many were transformed into songs. In 1905, her collection of poems was published under the title "</span><span style="color: red;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/B0082Z6F54" target="_blank">Golden Threshold</a></b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">". Later, she also published two other collections called "</span><span style="color: red;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/B009KSS924/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=B009KSS924&linkCode=as2&tag=httpstatecivi-21&linkId=OD5CMGVCCQUIPO4G" target="_blank">The Bird of Time</a></b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">", and "</span><span style="color: red;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/B00IS46IT2/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=B00IS46IT2&linkCode=as2&tag=httpstatecivi-21&linkId=6TWR6FD7N7BEMWIS" target="_blank">The Broken Wings</a></b></span><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">".</span></div>
<div style="color: #2c2c2c;">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></u></b></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
</h4>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17432200588292194375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1834338575922557656.post-52586919661431197882014-12-04T16:03:00.005-08:002014-12-09T08:42:40.334-08:00 IMPORTANT REVOLUTIONS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;"> </span></b></h3>
<h3 style="font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px; text-align: left;">
<strong style="background-color: white; line-height: 23.7999992370605px;">Here is the list of some very important Revolutions which changed the shape of the world and are being repeatedly asked in various competitive Exams </strong></h3>
<h3 style="font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px; text-align: left;">
<strong style="background-color: white; line-height: 23.7999992370605px;">1.Renaissance ( Started in Italy) </strong><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 23.7999992370605px;">: <span style="font-weight: normal;">It is a name given to the Revival of Learning, which started in Italy in the early 14</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><sup style="background-color: white; line-height: 23.7999992370605px;">th</sup><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 23.7999992370605px;"> century and slowly spread throughout Europe in the late 15th century. It was a cultural movement that affected areas, such as art, literature, education and spread of science and technology.</span></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px;">
<strong>2.The Glorious Revolution</strong>: A bloodless revolution in England in 1688-89, the Glorious Revolution resulted in the overthrow of the unpopular King James II and declaration of William of Orange (a Dutch) and his wife Mary, daughter of King James as joint sovereigns of England.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px;">
<strong>3.The American Revolution (1st democracy Movement) </strong>: It is the name given to the struggle by which England’s 13 colonies in North America declared their independence. The declaration of Independence was issued on July 4, 1776. Its author was Thomas Jefferson.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px;">
<strong>4.The French Revolution</strong>: It is the name given to the struggle which swept away the Old Regime in France, as well as the fundamental changes which resulted from that struggle. The immediate cause of the French Revolution was the bankrupt condition of the French Treasury under Louis XV and Louis XVI. On July 14, 1789 the revolutionaries stormed the Bastille, the state prison for political prisoners that symbolised the king’s despotism. The fall of the Bastille marked the end of monarchy. The King was beheaded on the guillotine in 1793 on charges of treason. A new constitution was adopted in 1795.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px;">
<strong>5.Industrial Revolution</strong>: It donates a series of changes in the economic conditions of England in the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup>centuries brought about the invention of various kinds of machines that could be used for the industrial progress of the country, such as steam engine, spinning and weaving machines; the industrial revolution took place not only in England but also in other West European countries and the USA.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px;">
<strong>6.Russian Revolution</strong>: It was one of the most significant events of the 20<sup>th</sup> century; main causes were: discontent towards the autocratic rule of Nicholas II, the new Czar; special privileges enjoyed by the upper class; and miserable conditions of the labourers and factory workers. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized powers in Petrograd (now Leningrad) on November 7,1917. Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. In 1923, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came into being.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px;">
<strong>7.The Hungarian Revolution of 1956</strong>: This revolution took place as a result of public discontent due to the policies of Matthias Rakosi, head of the Communist Party and the Hungarian government. The revolution witnessed large scale participation of students and workers. A new government under Janos Kadar came into being.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px;">
<strong>8.China’s Cultural Revolution ( follwed by formation of CPC)</strong>: It occurred due to conflict between the radicals and moderates in the Communist Party with Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party, supporting the radicals. The radicals accused the moderates of falling to follow communist principles.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Signika, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 23.7999992370605px; padding: 3px 0px 18px;">
<strong>9.Islamic Revolution in Iran</strong>: The revolution was a result of hostility of old-fashioned religious leaders and public towards economic and social reforms introduced by Mohammad Reza Pahlevi, the last Shah of Iran. Shah’s policies led to fierce fighting and rioting which the government could not control. In February 1979, a revolutionary government took over under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeni. Iran was proclaimed an Islamic Republic.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>10. Arab Spring ( started in 2011 from tunisia )</b> :-<span style="line-height: 23.7999992370605px;">a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both
non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on
18 December 2010 and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and
surroundings. While the wave of initial revolutions and protests had expired by
mid-2012, some refer to the ongoing large-scale conflicts in Middle East and
North Africa as a continuation of the Arab Spring, while others refer to
aftermath of revolutions and civil wars post mid-2012 as the Arab Winter.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="line-height: 23.7999992370605px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="line-height: 23.7999992370605px;">11. <b>Umbrella Movement OR Occupy Central Movement</b></span><span style="line-height: 23.7999992370605px;"><b> ( Pro- democracy movement in hongkong in 2014 )</b> </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">The </span><b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">2014 Hong Kong protests</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px;">, </span><span style="line-height: 23.7999992370605px;">The 2014 Hong Kong protests, also called the Umbrella
Movement </span><span style="line-height: 23.7999992370605px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 23.7999992370605px;">or Umbrella Revolution , began
in September 2014 when activists in Hong Kong protested outside the Hong Kong
Government headquarters and occupied several major city intersections after
China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) announced
its decision on proposed electoral reform. In disallowing civil nominations,
the NPCSC made it clear that a 1200-member nominating committee, in which the
composition remains subject to a second round of consultation, would elect two
to three electoral candidates with more than half of the votes before the
general public could vote on them</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17432200588292194375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1834338575922557656.post-52557458099744673282014-12-04T14:09:00.001-08:002014-12-22T12:37:56.437-08:00HOW TO PREPARE G.S.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="color: blue;">HOW TO PREPARE GENERAL STUDIES FOR UPSC/STATE CIVIL SERVICES EXAMS </span></u></b></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><br /></u></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">What is General Studies ???</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">The Answer to this Question is not easy </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">If you are preparing for UPSC /State Civil Services , you might have got some idea about what is general studies , but for begginers, its a very hard question ---how to prepare for general studies .</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">Some guys have confusion in starting phase for preparation between General knowledge and general studies . General knowledge is actually subset of General studies . </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">General Studies is everything you face in life, everything which affect your life like government policies , governance , Economic policies ,environment concerns , geographical phenomenon our ancient culture , importance of Days ( big days like republic day , independence day , national unity day etc. ) , why we celebrate more than 50 days in a year as some special day ??, </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">What our ancestors did for us ?</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">and what should we do for our future generations ?? </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">How reserve bank policy affects us ???</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">How Annual financial statement ( or BUDGET ) affects us ???</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">Why should we pay taxes ??</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">How can one become PM, President , CM , ministers ???</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">What are our fundamental rights and Duties ???</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">Every normally educated citizen is expected to know all the above questions , and that is what we call GENERAL STUDIES. </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">UPSC is not an Detective agency and mind it , you don't need to be exceptionally intelligent to get selected in UPSC , UPSC expect you to be an aware citizen who knows all general things happening in current time and their importance and you should be able to take decision based on Ethical values /your knowledge and according to the situation ( thats why UPSC introduced a general studies paper exclusively for Ethics and moral Values ) .</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">Now you know what is general Studies , so ,its time to move on and discuss the strategy to crack general studies </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14px;">First of all , you should go through NCERT social science books (Geography </span><span style="font-size: 14px;">+ history </span><span style="font-size: 14px;">+ Polity ) from class 6-12 </span><span style="font-size: 14px;">+ Economics NCERT books ( from class 6-12 ) </span><span style="font-size: 14px;">+ General Science ( from class 6-12 ) </span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
IT is very necessary to clear basic concepts from NCERT , before moving further to higher levels for mains . </div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
If you follow NCERT religiously and are able to finish NCERT atleast 1-2 times , it is sufficient for UPSC and other Civil Services Pre examination General Studies Paper ( most of the objective questions are directly asked from some concepts explained in NCERT ) .</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Questions on Environment /Science are mostly current affairs based ( the mixture of current affairs topic + its relevant theory from NCERT book is proved very successful , e.g. if suppose some conference on climate change is going on these days , so you must know all about global warming , you can clear these concepts from NCERT books ) .</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
NCERT books are government recommended and they are written by well known authors who have great knowledge ( Basics must be cleared by NCERT , after that you may follow some good books for each subject i.e. geography , history , Politics , Economics ) .</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: dimgrey;">All NCERT books May be downloaded here </span><a href="http://www.ncert.nic.in/ncerts/textbook/textbook.htm" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: red;">ALL NCERT BOOKS </span></b></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Current News is very important part of general Studies , you should some news paper ( either thehindu or Indian Express - - from understanding point of view indian express is best ) . You should read news papers daily for atleast ( one hour) + you can also visit some News videos ( because it is said that Pictorial memory is long lasting than words memory and thats the reason we remember any movie we seen for a longer time than our course we read at our school/college , so its better if you cover a part of your current News section from some good News Video ( like Rajya sabha Channel is very good channel , and if you watch rajya sabha video from you tube , then your time will not be wasted in advertisements as you can download ADDblocker from google and apply it to your browser ) .</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: dimgrey;">you can watch all the News/ Discussions here </span><b><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/rajyasabhatv" target="_blank">RAJYA SABHA NEWS VIDEOS</a></span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: dimgrey;">So, </span><b><span style="color: blue;">GENERAL STUDIES = ALL NCERT BOOKS( Social Science Books + Economics books + General Science Books ) + THE HINDU/INDIAN EXPRESS + RAJYA SABHA VIDEOS + some of the following mentioned books .</span></b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Below Mentioned list of IAS books for general studies will help you in your prepration for the IAS and other services under the UPSC/ State Civil Services Exams . General studies is a vast subject, so it helps to know the best reference books for the ias exam.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
Make sure you buy the most recent print of these books as general studies too needs a certain amount of updating every year. We Have added names of some monthly magazines too. Please select the ones that you like the most.</div>
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<h2 books="" class="text-center" examination:="" for="" general="" india="" preliminary="" reference="" studies="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(32, 128, 160) !important; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 10pt !important; line-height: 1.1; margin: 3px !important; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center;" title="">
<u>MUST READ BOOKS FOR GENERAL STUDIES :-</u></h2>
<div>
<u><br /></u></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="books_border" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 5px;">
<ol class="book" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">India Struggle for Independence by Bipin Chandra ( <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/0140107819?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=0140107819&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">English Version</a> / <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/8125036814?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=8125036814&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">Hindi version</a> )</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">Modern India history by spectrum ( <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/8179305171?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=8179305171&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">English Version</a> / <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/8179304787?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=8179304787&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">Hindi version</a> )</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">Geography - Spectrum ( <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/8179305376?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=8179305376&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">English Version</a> / Hindi Version ) </li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">Indian Geography by Majid hussain ( <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9339204778?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=9339204778&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">English Version</a> / <a href="http://%28%20english%20%20version%20/%20Hindi%20Version%20)" target="_blank">Hindi Version</a> )</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">Short and Precise Notes for india and world geography <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9383454091/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=9383454091&linkCode=as2&tag=httpstatecivi-21&linkId=75WVL4MLVVS3WPNA" target="_blank">for PRE</a> </li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">Indian Polity - Constitution of India by Bakshi ( <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/1259064123?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=1259064123&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">English Version</a> / <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9351342662?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=9351342662&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">Hindi Version </a>) </li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">Indian Economy - by Ramesh singh ( <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9339205111?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=9339205111&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">English Version</a> / <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9339217748?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=9339217748&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">Hindi version</a> ) </li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">General Science ( <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9351343537?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=9351343537&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">English Version</a> / <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9381362327?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=9381362327&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">Hindi Version</a> ) </li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">Indian Culture ( <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/817930518X?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=817930518X&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">English Version</a> / <a href="http://www.amazon.in/Bhartiya-Sanskriti-Hindi-Spectrum-Editorial/dp/8179304795/ref=sr_1_14?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1417766671&sr=1-14" target="_blank">Hindi Version</a> ) </li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;">Comprehensive Guide For UPSC - <a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/1259064379?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=1259064379&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank">Part 1</a> + <a href="http://www.amazon.in/General-Studies-Paper-II-2014/dp/1259064387/ref=pd_sim_b_1?ie=UTF8&refRID=0K4XK3EK9AX1CY1FJ296" target="_blank">Part 2</a> ( Sufficient to prepare for Pre in less time ) </li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; padding-bottom: 3px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9382999116?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creativeASIN=9382999116&linkCode=xm2&tag=httpstatecivi-21" target="_blank"> Geography through Maps</a> ( for Map understanding + World geography ) </li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="books_border" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 5px;">
<span style="line-height: 21px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="books_border" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 5px;">
<br />
<br />
For More Books , Please Visit <a href="http://bestbooksforupsc.blogspot.in/" target="_blank">BEST BOOKS FOR UPSC/SPSC</a></div>
<div class="books_border" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 5px; border: 1px solid rgb(102, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box; color: dimgrey; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 5px;">
<ol style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px;">
</ol>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17432200588292194375noreply@blogger.com1